These are the demo simulations for the learner described in the paper Learning Complex Segments, by Maria Gouskova and Juliet Stanton. Click on a language to view its simulations.
Language | Variety | Family | Complex segments usually posited (*=controversial) |
---|---|---|---|
Yindjibarndi | Pama-Nyungan | none | |
Ngbaka | Niger-Congo | mb, nd, nz, ŋɡ, ŋm, kp, ɡb, ŋmɡb, vw, nw | |
Navajo | Athabaskan | ts, ts', dz, tʃ, tʃ', dʒ, tɬ, tɬ', dɮ | |
Sundanese | Austronesian | mb*, nd*, ŋɡ*, ɲc* | |
Wargamay | Pama-Nyungan | none | |
Mbay | Nilo-Saharan | mb, nd, ŋɡ, nɟ | |
Wolof | Niger-Congo | mb, nd, ŋɡ, ɴq, mp*, nt*, ŋk*, ɴq* | |
English | American | Indo-European | tʃ, dʒ |
Aymara | Bolivian | Aymaran | tʃ, tʃ', tʃʰ |
Quechua | Bolivian/Peru | Quechuan | tʃ, tʃ', tʃʰ |
Fijian | Boumaa | Austronesian | mb, nd, ŋɡ, nr, tʃ, ndʒ |
Latin | Classical / Vulgar | Indo-European | kw*, ɡw* / ts, dz, tʃ, dʒ |
French | European / Quebecois | Indo-European | none / ts, dz |
Mongolian | Khalkha | Mongolic | ts, tsʰ, tʃ, tʃʰ |
Spanish | Mexican | Indo-European | tʃ |
Hebrew | Modern standard | Semitic | ts, tʃ*, dʒ* |
Greek | Modern standard | Indo-European | ts*, dz* |
Tswana | Sengwato / Standard | Niger-Congo | varies by dialect |
German | Standard | Indo-European | ts*, pf*, tʃ*, dʒ* |
Polish | Standard | Indo-European | ts, tɕ, ʈʂ, dz, dʑ, ɖʐ, palatalized* |
Hungarian | Standard | Uralic | ts, tʃ, dʒ* |
Russian | Standard | Indo-European | ts, tɕ |
Turkish | Standard | Turkic | tʃ, dʒ |
Italian | Standard | Indo-European | tʃ, ts, dʒ, dz |
Shona | Zezuru | Niger-Congo | affricates, labialized, coronal-velar*, prenasalized |