Classical / Vulgar Latin (Indo-European)

Latin has its own section in the paper, which reviews the arguments for [kw] and [gw] as complex segments. We find these arguments to be dubious. The "Affricated" version of the Latin dataset was created to test the hypothesis that complex segments have the distributions of singleton consonants because they come from singletons affected by systematic sound change. This simulation applies palatalization sound changes to Latin to create "pseudo-Italian" (Vulgar Latin, really).

Simulation data at a glance

Click on simulation name to view additional simulation details.

Simulation name	Initial state Learning Data	Initial state features
Paradigms Classical	LearningData.txt	Features.txt
Paradigms Affricated	LearningData.txt	Features.txt
No_Cv	LearningData.txt	Features.txt
Lewis-Short Classical	LearningData.txt	Features.txt
Lewis-Short Affricated	LearningData.txt	Features.txt
Whitaker Classical	LearningData.txt	Features.txt
Whitaker Affricated	LearningData.txt	Features.txt

Simulation details for Latin paradigms classical

Input:

This dataset is a "flattened" paradigm list that was originally distributed by Adam Albright and Bruce Hayes; see Bruce Hayes's page.

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Iteration	Learning Data produced	Features produced	Inseparability	New Segments added	Segments removed
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None

Summary of inventory changes

Stage	Consonant set
Input	p P b B m M f F w k K g G t T d D s S n N r R l L j h
Output	None

Simulation Plots

/media/latin/paradigms/classical/simulation/insep_plots.png

Simulation details for Latin paradigms affricated

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Iteration	Learning Data produced	Features produced	Inseparability	New Segments added	Segments removed
1	LearningData.txt	Features.txt	[download] [view]	ts, tʃ, dz, dʒ	None
2	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None
2	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None

Summary of inventory changes

Stage	Consonant set
Input	p P b B m M f F w k K g G t T d D s z S ʃ ʒ n N r R l L j h
Output	None

Simulation Plots

/media/latin/paradigms/affricated/simulation/insep_plots.png

Simulation details for Latin no_cv

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Iteration	Learning Data produced	Features produced	Inseparability	New Segments added	Segments removed
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None

Summary of inventory changes

Stage	Consonant set
Input	p P b B m M f F w k K g G t T d D s S n N r R l L j h i e a o u
Output	None

Simulation Plots

/media/latin/no_cv/simulation/insep_plots.png

Simulation details for Latin lewis-short classical

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Iteration	Learning Data produced	Features produced	Inseparability	New Segments added	Segments removed
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None

Summary of inventory changes

Stage	Consonant set
Input	p p: b b: m m: f f: w k k: g g: t t: d d: s z s: n n: r r: l l: j h
Output	None

Simulation Plots

/media/latin/lewis-short/classical/simulation/insep_plots.png

Simulation details for Latin lewis-short affricated

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Iteration	Learning Data produced	Features produced	Inseparability	New Segments added	Segments removed
1	LearningData.txt	Features.txt	[download] [view]	tʃ, dz, dʒ	ʃ, ʒ
2	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None
2	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None

Summary of inventory changes

Stage	Consonant set
Input	p p: b b: m m: f f: w k k: g g: t t: d d: s z ʃ ʒ s: n n: r r: l l: j h
Output	None

Simulation Plots

/media/latin/lewis-short/affricated/simulation/insep_plots.png

Simulation details for Latin whitaker classical

Input:

This 84,000+ word list comes from Whitaker's dictionary of Latin, widely available online. It was converted to IPA from orthography by substituting geminates with singleton symbols. Vowel length is not marked in this dictionary so it is not represented in the data file.

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Iteration	Learning Data produced	Features produced	Inseparability	New Segments added	Segments removed
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None
1	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None

Summary of inventory changes

Stage	Consonant set
Input	p P b B m M f F w k K g G t T d D s S n N r R l L j h
Output	None

Simulation Plots

/media/latin/whitaker/classical/simulation/insep_plots.png

Simulation details for Latin whitaker affricated

Input:

This particular version of the dataset tests a hypothesis about the changing frequency distributions that come with sound change. In the history of Latin, palatalization affected [t, d, k, g] before front vowels and glides. This resulted in a variety of changes--for example, in modern Italian, [ts, dz, tʃ, dʒ] originated from Latin stops in those invironments (simplifying somewhat). We took our basic Latin dictionary and applied the changes, rewriting [t i] with [t s i], [k i] with [t ʃ i], and so on (just before [i]). The result is that the learner unified all four sequences into affricates

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Iteration	Learning Data produced	Features produced	Inseparability	New Segments added	Segments removed
1	LearningData.txt	Features.txt	[download] [view]	tʃ, dz, dʒ	z, ʃ, ʒ
2	LearningData.txt	Features.txt	[download] [view]	ts	None
3	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None
3	No new learning data	No new features	[download] [view]	None	None

Summary of inventory changes

Stage	Consonant set
Input	p P b B m M f F w k K g G t T d D s z S ʃ ʒ n N r R l L j h
Output	None

Simulation Plots

/media/latin/whitaker/affricated/simulation/insep_plots.png

Complex Segment Learner

Classical / Vulgar Latin (Indo-European)

Simulation data at a glance

Simulation details for Latin paradigms classical

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Summary of inventory changes

Simulation Plots

Simulation details for Latin paradigms affricated

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Summary of inventory changes

Simulation Plots

Simulation details for Latin no_cv

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Summary of inventory changes

Simulation Plots

Simulation details for Latin lewis-short classical

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Summary of inventory changes

Simulation Plots

Simulation details for Latin lewis-short affricated

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Summary of inventory changes

Simulation Plots

Simulation details for Latin whitaker classical

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Summary of inventory changes

Simulation Plots

Simulation details for Latin whitaker affricated

Input:

LearningData.txt | Features.txt

Summary of iterations:

Summary of inventory changes

Simulation Plots